Negative Aspects of Industrialization - 1494 Words

After the depression of the 1890 s the United States experienced a monumental economic surge. This was primarily due to an innovative structure of production and distribution, also known as industrialization. The life of an average worker altered dramatically as industrialization took place. Typically, these alterations benefited the obscenely rich, and disintegrated workers morale. Industrialization had a negative impact on the working people by facilitating minority subordination, persuading a loss of culture, and removing the power of skilled trades. Unequal treatment of minorities did not start during industrialization, but its acceptance was strengthened considerably. This message was spread very efficiently because of the†¦show more content†¦At first glance welfare capitalism seems like a great idea. What could be wrong with things like company showers, pay bonuses, and employee picnics? The answer is located in the motives behind creating such events. Joseph Debski describes his experience with welfare capitalism. The Amoskeag had a textile club; anybody over eighteen who worked there could belong to it. It had a reading room canteen, billiard and pool tables, and card tables; and they used to have dances, probably once a month in the wintertimeÂ…..During the strike of 1922, the textile club functioned the most because people didn t have anywhere else to goÂ…Â…They didn t draw any lines and say people couldn t come in because of the strikeÂ….The club kept going. The YMCA and International Harveste r were two other groups that understood it is possible to be an immigrant from a different country, learn about their culture, and still hold on to your own. Evidence of these two groups goodwill can be seen in 1911 and 1912 when the YMCA inaugurated English classes and International Harvester added extra emphasis to safety, discipline and welfare work. These are three rare cases of genuinely altruistic welfare programs. I say this because the majority of companies providing welfare programs usually had requirements for these services, and these requirements emphasized obedience, discouraged radicalism,Show MoreRelatedIndustrialization After the Civil War694 Words   |  3 PagesIndustrialization after the Civil War influenced U.S society, economy, and politics in many ways. Industrialization after the Civil War made the way of living more convenient for people but it was a time were the government was corrupted. One major aspect of industrialization was the railroads and steel. According to how stuff works â€Å"railroads were used to transport food and goods, and they also shaped the growth of some cities and brought economic prosperity to some. Railroads were also usedRead MoreThe Industrialization After the Civil War1438 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 1.2: Industrialization after the Civil War Final Paper Melissa Rogers November 10, 2014 History 105: Contemporary U.S. History Dr. Reeves Introduction The Industrial revolution improved the American lifestyle all the while causing many problems along the way. The Industrial Revolution contributed to the growth of cities and their economy. This created more jobs thus causing for workers to move their families to the northern regions of the country for work on farmsRead MoreSecond Industrial Revolution1000 Words   |  4 Pagesdescription of two developments of industrialization that positively affected the United States and two developments that negatively affected the United States will be discussed. An analysis of whether or not industrialization was generally beneficial or detrimental to the lives of Americans and the history of the United States will be outlined. Second US Industrial Revolution, 1870 -1910 In this brief paper, a description of two developments of industrialization that positively affected AmericanRead MoreIndustrialization : The Transformation Period From An Agricultural Economy1157 Words   |  5 PagesIndustrialization: the transformation period from an agricultural economy to a mass-producing one. This is an essential step towards avoiding poverty that is established in less-developed states by transitioning from an agrarian to an industrial society. Two broad aspects of industrializing are a change in labor activity, such as farming to manufacturing, and how productive economic output occurs. Within this process, new industries are allowed to develop and the quality of life is improved due toRead MoreThe Invention Of The First Industrial Revolution1391 Words   |  6 Pagescramped factories, in exchange for low pay and contagious diseases. For some people that lived during the age of industrialization, this was their reality of life. During the 18th and 19th cent ury, the world was exponentially industrializing. After the first industrial revolution in Great Britain, other countries were influenced, such as the United States, and rapid industrialization occurred. Advanced innovations and ideas developed, along with the creation of a factory system, leading to the creationRead MoreEssay on The Second Industrial Revolution1444 Words   |  6 Pagesas carrying extremely heavy loads. They were paid very low wages for their work. Women were paid around five shillings per week, and children were paid about one. Prior to the industrialization, women were never considered as an economic working force, but instead to take care of the household. During the industrialization, women had a big impact on the future but it was not easy for them, since it was often difficult to achieve their goals for equality in the male dominated society. Upon enteringRead MoreHis 105 Assignment 21361 Words   |  6 Pages Industrialization after the Civil War John E. Brown Strayer University HIS 105- Contemporary U. S. History Professor Anthony McCormack November 9, 2014 Industrialization after the Civil War When the Civil War was declared over, the United States became a better nation because of the Constitutional Amendments that were passed outlawing slavery and giving the government as well as the state the ability to serve and protect everyone. This paper will also show major aspects of industrializationRead MoreThe Industrialization of the Northern United States Essays1504 Words   |  7 Pages once said that the industrialization of the United States north produced a â€Å"complete revolution† in Americans’ â€Å"life and manners.† The complete revolution that Bushnell speaks of was an era of industrialization triggered by a population growth, an increase in literacy rates, and the development of labor-saving technologies in the northern region of the United States. This dramatic economic and social transformation instigated a series of outcomes, both positive and negative, for the United StatesRead Moreeffects of globlization1124 Words   |  5 Pages ï » ¿Health Globalization has both positive and negative effects about one of the major concerns, health. The health care is primarily affected by globalization is through the increasing and worsening of internationalization of various health risks. However, if you will have to define the terms and other dimensions of the health risks such as; Technological, economic, social, political and cultural as well as scientific aspects. The linkages between health care and globalization are quite complexRead MoreThe Stages of Industrialization1041 Words   |  4 PagesIndustrialization refers to a stage of social and economic transformation that alters a group or society from an agrarian one into an industrial society (Sullivan Sheffrin, 2003). Industrialization is associated with progress in the production of metallurgy and energy opening up the economy for manufacturing. It occurs as a broad process of modernizing in a society such that economic change and social change become strongly related to the technological innovations. It also brings with it a kind

The Lottery By Shirley Jackson - 869 Words

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is entirely constructed of Symbolism. From the very title â€Å"The lottery† it allows our minds to think of the joyous occasion of winning, or gaining from something because that is what a lottery is. There is no prize but there is a risk in the drawing. Essentially every part of the story represents an idea the author wants the reader to explore. The names of the characters, the setting, the block box and the overall tradition to follow are suspenseful. Trying to interpret each symbolic message is what makes this story so attention-grabbing. It is also what makes this story so perplexed because the author doesn’t give all the answers in full. Jackson allows you to try to make your own interpretations. The ritual of The Lottery itself is the most interesting aspect to dissect its meaning(s). In this story, the lottery consists of rules that are randomly followed. These precise rules in which the villagers follow leads the reader to believe that the lottery is a well-organized ritual and that there is a significant purpose behind it. The system of rules in Which Mr. Summers follows for making the list of the families and creating the slips of paper proves the randomness of the lottery. As the lottery begins, Summers lays out the rules for the villagers, including who should draw slips of paper from the black box and when to them. In the event that someone is incapable of drawing, the person who should be next in line is determined by the rulesShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† reads as a work of horror. There is a village that holds an annual lottery where the winner is stoned to death so the village and its people could prosper. Some underlying themes include: the idea that faith and tradition are often followed blindly, and those who veer away from tradition are met with punishment, as well as the idea of a herd mentality and bystander apathy. What the author manages to do successfully is that she actuallyRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson757 Words   |  4 Pagessucceed but many fail just like the main character Tessie Hutchinson in Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†. When someone hears the word â€Å"lottery†, he or she may think that someone will be rewarded with prize. But â€Å"The Lottery† By Shirley Jackson is different than what one thinks. In the story, a lottery is going to be conducted not like Mega Million or Powerball one play here. In the story, the person who wins the lottery is stoned to death instead of being rewarded with the prize. TessieRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson931 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948 Shirley Jackson composed the controversial short sto ry â€Å"The Lottery.† Generally speaking, a title such as â€Å"The Lottery† is usually affiliated with an optimistic outlook. However, Jackson’s approach is quite unorthodox and will surely leave readers contemplating the intent of her content. The story exposes a crude, senseless lottery system in which random villagers are murdered amongst their peers. Essentially, the lottery system counteracts as a form of population control, but negatives easilyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery Shirley Jackson fills her story with many literary elements to mask the evil. The story demonstrates how it is in human nature to blindly follow traditions. Even though some people have no idea why they follow these traditions. The title of the story plays a role in how Shirley Jackson used some literary elements to help mask the evils and develop the story. The title â€Å"The Lottery† serves as an allegory. When people think of the lottery majorityRead More`` The Lottery `` By Shirley Jackson894 Words   |  4 Pagesshort story â€Å"The Lottery†, author Shirley Jackson demonstrates Zimbardo’s concepts in three different areas: Authority figures, Tradition and Superstition, and Loyalty. The first concept Jackson portrays in â€Å"The Lottery† is the authority figures. Jackson indicates that the lottery is being held in the town center by one authority figure, Mr. Summers, annually on June 27th. Every June 27th, without fail, townspeople gather in the town square to participate in the annually lottery even though mostRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1510 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† illustrates several aspects of the darker side of human nature. The townspeople in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† unquestioningly adhere to a tradition which seems to have lost its relevance in their lives. The ritual that is the lottery shows how easily and willingly people will give up their free will and suspend their consciences to conform to tradition and people in authority. The same mindless complacency and obedience shown by the villagers in Jackson’s story are seenRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson8 11 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† was published by Shirley Jackson. The story was true expression of Jackson’s genuine thoughts about human beings and their heinous competence in an annual village event for corn harvest . First, her used to word symbolized main point of the story. Second, Jackson was inspired by few historical events happened in the past and a life incident in her life. Lastly, She was able to accomplish the connection between historical and biographical with the story. Therefore, Shirley Jackson’sRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson934 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson signifies the physical connection between the villagers and their unwillingness to give up their tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is very unpredictable and quite misleading. The black box has no functionality, except every June 27th. Shirley Jackson depicts the black box as an important and traditional tool. Although the villagers in â€Å"The Lottery† are terrified of the goal of the lottery and the black box, they are unwilling to let go of the tradition. Shirley Jackson portraysRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson799 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mood and to foreshadow of things to come. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. However, this description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. In addition, the theme that we learn of at the end leads us to think of where the sanity of some human beings lies. The story begins with the establishment of the setting. To begin, Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day and what time ofRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of paper from a black box. The husband

Counter Terrorism Free Essays

The dawn of the 21st century have enormously occupied fear and uncertainty as it may seem to pass by time of the dark ages where barbarian swordsmen annihilate the villagers and sorcerers put into spell the weaklings. The aftermath of the terrorists attack to the US on September 11th year 2001, known as the 9/11 tragedy, have resulted strong beliefs that a powerful nation like the US is vulnerable to such cowardice and barbaric acts, much more vulnerable are the rests of the US allied countries particularly those belonging from the third world that are potential targets of terrorists. Countries around the world and most especially the member states of the United Nations have called for the massive execution of strategies to counter terrorism. We will write a custom essay sample on Counter Terrorism or any similar topic only for you Order Now As cited from the US National Counterterrorism Center (US-NCC) document on April 30th 2007, with its Report on Terrorist Incidents of 2006, accounted that: approximately 14,000 terrorist attacks occurred in various countries during 2006, resulting in over 20,000 deaths, as compared in 2005, attacks in 2006 rose by 3,000 (a 25% increase) while death rose by 5,800 (a 40% increase), as was the case last year, by far the largest number of terrorist incidents and deaths occurred in the near East and South Asia. The document further cited that: â€Å"the two regions (East and South Asia) were the locations for 90% of the nearly 300 high-casualty attacks in 2006 that killed ten or more people, only a total of five high-casualty attacks in Europe-Eurasia, East Asia-Pacific and the Western Hemisphere†. A Brief Historical Background The overthrowing of the Soviet army by the military force of Afghan Muslim guerrilla warriors or commonly called as â€Å"mujahideen† in the early 1980’s has gave birth to al-Qaeda and began its operation in Afghanistan and Pakistan. An excerpt from the research paper of Rohan Gunaratna, an Associate Professor at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore and Director of the International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research, narrated that al Qaeda enhanced its capabilities for a global networking throughout the 1990’s from its base in Asia and Sudan. Accordingly, â€Å"al-Qaeda effectively armed, trained, financed and theologically indoctrinated three-dozen Islamic groups in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Caucasus†. Further cited from Rohan Gunaratna research paper, â€Å"specifically, over the course of the 1990’s, al-Qaeda and Taliban camps in Afghanistan trained between 70,000 and 120,000 Muslim youth to fight in the Philippines (Mindanao), Indonesia (Maluku and Poso), Myanmar, China (Xinjiang), Kashmir, Bosnia, Kosovo, Chechnya, Dagestan, Nagorno-Karabakh, Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Yemen and elsewhere†. It can be realized that the global network of the al-Qaeda is far reaching the targets as its Muslim brethren can be easily persuaded by its diverse capabilities, as the World Islamic Front imminently wage its holy war or Jihad. Response of Nations The Report of the US-NCC have found to be undiscerning and does not cause alarm to its allied countries but discloses the fatal blow of terror in order for nations to respond with cautious certainty. The certainty of response is to ascertain acts that shall be preemptive, preventive, and combative to the dreadful characters of the terrorists. As a result of the extreme importance and immediate need, the United Nations Security Council have passed and approved Resolution 1373 of 2001 creating the Counter-Terrorism Committee â€Å"that shall continue to monitor Member States’ implementation of resolution 1373 of 2001, guided by its principles of cooperation, transparency, equal treatment and consistency in approach†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Letter of Ricardo Alberto Arias, Chairman, Security Council Committee, United Nations, 20 November 2007). As also cited in the letter, under par. 13 (facilitating assistance to states), that â€Å"the committee will conduct thematic discussions on strengthening efforts to limit terrorists’ mobility with the participations of experts from all of the relevant technical international organizations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Confronted with the challenges to overcome chaos, the Member States to the United Nations, particularly the third world countries, are resolute to collaborative efforts as embodied in their respective economic, political, socio-cultural framework of governance. Like in the United Kingdom (UK), who has long been plagued by domestic terrorism as a result of its domestic strife with Northern Ireland, the passing to parliament of the UK Strategy in Countering Terrorism of 2006, accordingly â€Å"has had a long-term strategy for countering terrorism, known within UK government as CONTEST, aims to reduce the risk from international terrorism so that the people can go about their daily lives freely and with confidence. The strategy is divided into four principal strands: (1) prevent; tackling the radicalization of individuals, (2) pursue; reducing the terrorist threat to UK and to UK interests overseas by disrupting terrorists and their operations, (3) protect; reducing the vulnerability of the UK and the interests overseas† (HM Government, Countering International Terrorism: The United Kingdom’s Strategy, July 2006). In the US where immediately responding at the 9/11 tragedy, the Director for the National Intelligence (DNI) outlined the 100 Day Plan program accordingly with its goal â€Å"to demonstrate short term progress and build momentum for integration and transformation across the community†. Cited from its 100 Day Plan program, â€Å"it has been aligned to six integration and transformation focus areas which covers: (1) create a culture of collaboration, (2) foster collection and analytic transformation, (3) build acquisition excellence and technology leadership, (4) modernize business practices, (5) accelerate information sharing, and (6) clarify and align DNI’s authorities† (United States Intelligence Community, 100 Day Plan for Integration and Collaboration, Washington DC 20511). Most recently on January 8th 2008, DNI published its program framework entitled as â€Å"Procuring the Future: 21st Century IC Acquisition†. Accordingly, the purpose is â€Å"to avert conflict and preserve peace†¦Ã¢â‚¬  with multiple areas of concern on: â€Å"(1) military, (2) proliferation, (3) foreign policy, (4) economics, (5) terrorism/narcotics/international organized crimes, (6) technology, and (7) regional conflict†. The program thrust support the enactment of US Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 2007 as amended with modernization provisions for Fiscal Year 2008. In sum, it comprises and outlines the US Counterintelligence Strategy of 2007 which adheres to empowering its homeland security. Meanwhile in South East Asia, the ten member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), namely: (1) Brunei Darussalam, (2) Cambodia, (3) Indonesia, (4) People’s Democratic Republic of Lao, (5) Malaysia, (6) Myanmar, (7) Philippines, (8) Republic of Singapore, (9) Thailand, and (10) Socialist Republic of Viet Nam, continuously affirm its economic, political and cultural ties. The international diplomatic ties among the ASEAN Nations are a linking arm or reinforcement as it is one of the vital targets of terrorist attacks in the South East Asia. The ASEAN Convention on Counter Terrorism held in Cebu, Philippines on January 13th 2007, have renewed and reaffirmed the commitment to countering international terrorism through adopting strategic framework in law enforcement, economic and political programs and upholding the rule of law with relevance to protecting and preserving the human rights. Thus, laying down the global agenda brought about by the emerging response of the UN and various enactments of strategic policies in the fight against terrorism, the remaining countries that propel terrorism are at large exploring its own identity—the entanglement from its traditional culture and race, the decadence of religious belief and blinded by remorse from first world dominion. Counter Terrorism: In Perspective The work of every Nation to war on terrorism is widened at the global perspective. The global populace understood that terrorism is characterized by barbaric acts. Social scientists considerably view that in the case of the holy war or jihad, the Islamic secessionist group emulates Osama bin Laden as a Messiah (in which a messianic complex is attributed) to the fundamentalist rulers in Afghanistan that propagates Islamic terrorism against US and its allies. However, Muslim scholars literally view the jihad as being utilized or used into conflict of interest and a clamor for Islam. According to the published article of Laura Mansfield on her interview to Shaykh Ayman al-Zawahari, â€Å"today in Palestine, conspiracies to abort the Jihad and surround the Mujahideen are being hatched by the same forces which created Israel and with the cooperation of their agents among our people. I repeat to you, my brothers, that we must be conscious of the legal and factual realities of this conflict, lest the treacherous leadership deceives us and we get lost in the market of political bargaining† (Laura Mansfield, Realities of the Conflict – Between Islam and Unbelief, Full Transcript of Zawahiri Tape December 20, 2006). The minds of the Afghan supporters to Islamic secessionist have long been entangled to its religious beliefs on the destiny of the jihad. More so have been ideologically instilled with anguish against the Westerners, particularly the US and UK, as it condoned the Jews who accordingly took the Muslim lands. The ancestral war reached its adverse conflict until the 21st century wherein the cobweb of hostile Afghan forces goes out of control. It cannot be said today to part ways with the alliance of US and the UK so that reducing risk of terrorist attacks. Development of preemptive measures or effective strategies to preventing terrorist attacks is outlined in the US and the UK economic, political, cultural platform of governance. These super power nations, including other countries of the European community, further collaborate with favorable international policies amongst countries that resist and abhor the Islamic terrorism. At this instance, the strategic stance of war on terrorism may have isolated, identified and singled out the terrorist block. Cushion A Blow As the global alliances of Nations continue its fight against terrorism, respective countries of the world cushion a blow but with much strategic defense by empowering governance through economic development, political reforms and democratization. Somehow the militaristic approach to combating terrorism inflicts human error resulting casualties are but a little wound on the flesh of Nation that fight the real enemies of peace and democracy. Some reported human errors, as likewise in pursuit of enforcement, become affliction to human rights. These flaws posit to be immediately addressed at a global scene. Assessing on the impact of the counter terrorism measures, the UK Office of the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs proposed a survey of selected countries of Australia, in Asia, Western Europe and Northern America. The survey called for a consultative process on the legal means and further legislation of the counter terrorism measures that each country is implementing. It cited its consideration that: â€Å"different countries, with differing political and legal traditions and systems, recognizing the particular threat posed by terrorism, have enacted a variety of measures to counter that threat. Approaches have varied and evolved over time in the face of a changing threat and changing terrorist tactics† (Counter Terrorism Legislation and Practice: A Survey of Selected Countries, October 2005). In similar development, a briefing paper from the Human Rights Watch organization in New York was submitted to the 59th session of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) on March 23rd 2005. The briefing paper emphasizes that accordingly: â€Å"in fighting terrorism, however, governments must also ensure they meet their other obligations to their people by ensuring that counter-terrorist measures respect and do not violate international human rights, humanitarian, and refugee law† (In the Name of Counter-Terrorism: Human Rights Abuses Worldwide, Human Rights Watch). Likewise, a Handbook on Counter-Terrorism Measures has been produced by various organizations like the Independent Sector (IS), Inter Action (American Council for Voluntary International Action), Council on Foundations and Day, Berry and Howard Foundation. Apprehensions on the potential effect to human rights by committing human errors that may inflict abuse have drawn major importance in assessing the so-called winnings of war on terrorism. The incessant lobbying of human rights advocates to the peripheries of government corridors can be perceived as a positive-reactive-constructive attitude of the civilian populace in general. But somehow cushioning the blow to terrorist groups and its cohorts may be unfavorable to the strategic momentum, as the terrorist employs protracted tactics and has diverse capabilities. In this respect, the government effort to isolating risk and vulnerability of terrorist threats continuously and effectively launched civic actions, socio-economic-cultural activities in partnership with various sectors of society. A more consultative framework composing with the civil society rekindles collaborative efforts. References Report on Terrorist Incidents-2006, US National Counterterrorism Center, 30 April 2007; Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Threat and Response, Rohan Gunaratna, Hudson Institute, Center for Eurasian Policy Occassional Research Paper, Series II (Islamism in Southeast Asia), No. 1; Letter of Ricardo Alberto Arias, Chairman, Security Council Committee, United Nations, 20 November 2007; HM Government, Countering International Terrorism: The United Kingdom’s Strategy, July 2006; United States Intelligence Community, 100 Day Plan for Integration and Collaboration, Washington DC 20511; Procuring the Future 21st Century IC Acquisition, Terri Everett, DNI Senior Procurement Executive, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, January 8, 2008; ASEAN Convention on Counter Terrorism, document, Cebu, Philippines, January 13th 2007; Realities of the Conflict – Between Islam and Unbelief, Laura Mansfield, Full Transcript of Zawahiri Tape, December 20, 2006; Counter Terrorism Legislation and Practice: A Survey of Selected Countries, October 2005, www. fco. gov. uk; In the Name of Counter-Terrorism: Human Rights Abuses Worldwide, Human Rights Watch, www. hrw. org/un/chr59; Handbook on Counter-Terrorism Measures: What U. S. and Nonprofits and Grantmakers Need To Know, 15 March 2004, www. dbhfoundation. org. How to cite Counter Terrorism, Papers

Introduction to Restorative Justice-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Disucsss about the Evaluate the Claim that Restorative Justice Practices Are Beneficial For Victims of Crime and Offenders. Answer: Essay Plan The concept of restorative justice is considered as an innovative approach to criminal justice. It is an alternative to the traditional criminal process followed in courts as restorative justice generally include meeting of the offenders and the victims and their respective families. The participants come to an agreement for the accused with a view to repair the damage he caused to the victim. In the event a party declines to attend such face-to-face meetings, there are scopes to bring out the restorative outcome of repairing the harm caused to the victim by the offender. In other words, restorative justice emphasizes on refurbishing the harm caused by the offender to the victim. It can be achieved through cooperative processes that include all the actors in the criminal justice system. Restorative justice is beneficial for all the fundamental actors within the criminal justice system. Firstly, it provides the offender with an opportunity to accept his/her responsibility for the harm he/she caused to the victim, thus, rehabilitating. Secondly, it is advantageous for the state as well by diverting cases away from the criminal justice system that is already over-burdened with cases. Lastly, it gives a chance to the victims to play a significant role in dealing with the crime that has been against him/her by the accused/offender. It is always beneficial for the victims, offenders and the affected members of the society to be involved in responding to the crime, as they are vital to the criminal justice process. This restorative process of including all the parties to the criminal justice system through face-to-face meetings is an influential way to address not only the physical injuries but also the psychological, relational and social injuries as well. The essential concepts included in the restorative justice are to understand the needs of the offenders and victims and to ensure that justice is administered to all the actors in the criminal justice system. Restorative justice is a an alternative approach to the traditional courts process. This approach aims at repairing the damage caused by the accused or the offender which lacks in the traditional criminal justice system. The essay shall discuss how restorative justice, in all its sense, is a commendable effort to humanize the justice system. The essay shall include an introduction, body and conclusion where the introduction part shall entail brief concept of the topic restorative justice and its essential elements. In the body of the essay, the essential elements shall be discussed elaborately. Further, it shall include the impact of restorative justice and shall provide examples to establish the claim that it is beneficial for both offenders and victims. The conclusion shall include summary of the points discussed in the entire essay to establish that restorative justice is a beneficial to the victims, offenders and the affected members of the community. ESSAY The notion of restorative justice is a new movement in the world of criminology and victimology. Given the fact that crimes causes injuries to communities and people, restorative justice repair such injuries and allows the parties to such crime to take part in that process. The restorative justice programs permit the offenders, victims and the other affected members to play a significant role in responding to the crimes (Bouffard et al. 2017). These actors become vital to the criminal justice process with the support from the legal professionals and the government. They act as facilitators to such system that aims at ensuring the accountability of the offender, reparation of the victims and complete participation of the affected members of the community. This process involves face-to-face meeting that are held between the offenders, victims and the affected community members where the offender admits his/her offence and takes full responsibility for the injuries caused to victims and the affected community members. The essay will further discuss about the essential elements involved in the restorative justice process that it, the victims, offenders and the affected community members. It shall further critically analyze the intended benefits of restorative justice for victims. In conclusion, a brief summary shall be provided establishing that restorative justice is a viable alternative under certain circumstances to the traditional criminal justice system. The emergence of the notion of restorative justice had taken place due to two broad and essential trends (Larsen 2014). The first trend is the overall inclination towards an alternative dispute resolution method, which shall be cheaper, more hospitable than an expensive, tome-consuming and psychologically strenuous difficult system that is based on formal adjudication and litigation. The second trends includes the persisting dissatisfaction with the traditional criminal justice system that is not only burdensome and costly but also fails to deter crime, rehabilitate offenders, and promote effective and just punishment to administer justice to the affected victims. Restorative justice satisfies both the aspects of politics- conservatives and the liberal aspect. From the conservative aspect, it focuses on the accountability of the offenders, saving governmental expenses and empowerment of the victims. From the liberal aspect, it focuses on the welfare of all the parties and the likelihood for creating and healing the peace. This establishes the reason why several victimologists, criminologists have accepted restorative justice on the ground that it involves benefits for victims, offenders and the State in one single process. Restorative justice is a form of justice theory that emphasizes on repairing the harm that is caused to the victim by the criminal behavior. The repairing is achieved through cooperative processes, which includes all the stakeholders or the actors of the criminal justice system that is, the offenders, victims and the affected community members (Crawford and Newburn 2013). As discussed earlier, restorative justice process involves face-to-face-meetings between the victims, offender and the affected members of the community. The meetings between the victims, offenders and the members of the affected community are vital to address the relational aspect of crime and justice. Three acceptable methods characterize restorative justice- victim offender mediation, peacemaking or sentencing circles and Family or Community group conferencing. Victim offender mediation is a process that allows an interested victim to meet the offender in a structured and secured setting, engaging in a discussion about the crime committed and such discussion shall be held through the assistance of a trained mediator. The objective of this process is to permit the victims to meet the offenders voluntarily and inform them about the impact of crime on the victim for the offender to take the responsibility for such harm (Hipple et al. 2016). The offender and victims are provided with an opportunity to develop a plan for addressing the harm. Family or Community Group Conferencing is a process where the offender, victim, friends and family are brought together to address the consequences of crime. The objective of such conferencing process includes providing the victim with an opportunity to respond to the crime and permitting the support system of the offenders to amend and re-shape future behavior, attempting to permit the victims and the offender to associate with the community support. Peacemaking or Sentencing Circles is a process that is designed to develop agreement among the community members, victims, offenders, judges, defense counsel, police and court workers with respect to appropriate sentencing plan that purports to address the concerns of all the interested parties. The main objective of this process is to address all the injuries of all the affected parties and provide the offender to make amendments and enable the victim and the affected community members with the opportunity to voice their concern in res olving the causes of criminal behavior exhibited by the offender. The three restorative justice processes ultimately determine the procedure to repair the harm caused by the crimes committed by the offender against the victim. In order to execute the restorative justice process to respond to crimes, two traditional criminal justice sanctions community service and restitution (Clamp 2016). Restitution is the payment of a sum of money that is paid by an offender to compensate the victim for the financial losses caused by the crime. It is a justified restorative method of holding offenders responsible for the crimes committed by them and a method for repairing the injury caused to the victim. It either may be determined in the course of circles and conferencing or may be ordered by a judge. Community service is work that is carried out for the benefit of the community by the offenders. It is a justifiable restorative justice process used to address the harm caused to the victim and its impact on the community. This process can be used as a means to re habilitate the offender. In regards to the development of restorative justice, there have been growing concerns about the fact whether the concept has been effective at deterring crimes. Restorative justice being a tertiary form of crime deterrence measure aims at deterring the act of offending instead of prohibiting primary prevention. Hence, if a restorative justice measure is effective, it should produce lower rates of recidivism. In a recent Australian study conducted by the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research has been demonstrating that a large scale youth justice conferencing initiative is capable of reducing 15-20% re-offending in several offences. According to Braithwaite (2016), from the perspective of the victim, restorative justice is essential as it allows the victim to participate in the criminal justice process giving them an opportunity to overcome their fear and voice their opinion in redressing the harms caused by the offender. The participation of the victim in giving their input enables the offender to understand the impact of the crime committed by them and the harm resulted from such harm. This fact is evident from the applicability of the restorative justice options throughout Australia by the end of 2013. Such options include conferencing for young offenders in all Australian territories and state, conferencing adult offenders available in South Australia and NSW, victim-offender mediation available in Australian jurisdictions. This review establishes that a body of research establishes that restorative justice may be more effective for offenders that are more creative and more serious offenders. This process is more-effective than pre-sentence. According to Zehr (2015), the review has discovered other advantages that results from the Restorative Justice Programs such as offender accountability, victim satisfaction and enhanced compliance with variety of orders. From the perspective of the offender, restorative justice process not only reduces reoffending, as there is an involvement of informal social controls through the inclusion of supporters, family and community representatives. This is because informal social control is believed to influence offending. The process of conferencing stigmatizes the offenders but unlike the traditional court processes, which aim at reinforcing the criminal behavior, it aims at stigmatizing the criminal conduct and not the individual. Several studies have revealed that both the victims and offender agrees that the restorative justice procedures are fairer and more beneficial than the court proceedings. In the opinion of Johnstone (2013), although the restorative justice process promotes strengthen and healing the social bonds which builds the foundation of our communities. However, most victims do not take part in any formal process for resolving the issues related to victimization. Similar to the traditional criminal justice system, several victims may not report the crime to the police or the police may not find the offender. The extent to which the restorative justice process depends, the victims may suffer from similar restrictions and several victims may not avail the benefits of the restorative justice process. Unlike the traditional criminal justice system, Strang (2017) states that the restorative justice process often fail to address several needs of victims. Individual offenders often fail to meet the needs of the victims or small communities as they can only take responsibility for the crimes committed by them and the harm caused to the victim. The injuries sustained by the offender can change the life of the victim forever and reparation seems to be less useful with respect to the continuing relationship with the community or an offender. Cartwright (2016) states that so long the needs of the victims are addressed with the resources of the communities and the offenders, the needs of the victims shall remain to be unsatisfying. On the other hand, the concept of restorative justice includes empathy, restitution, accountability and mutual understanding as the essential principles of restorative justice. This process restores the individual dignity. The benefits that arise from the restorative justice process include greater probability of obtaining compensation, which would take the form of financial redress for the victim apart from the participation of the victims in the criminal justice process. The process involves private sessions that are confidential in nature, which enables both the offender and the victim, in particular, to participate in the criminal justice system. The system is considered as cost effective and is vital for community benefits. There is a greater satisfaction for and enhanced confidence with the criminal justice system. From the above discussion, it can be inferred that substituting the traditional concept of criminal justice with the concept of restorative justice will signify the commencement of a new era for the victims affected from the crimes committed by the offender. Although there is no precise answer provided for the question relating to the recent trend towards restorative justice is negative or affirmative from the perspective of both the offender and the victims, the truth of which, probably lies somewhere in the middle. Nevertheless, the procedure of the restorative justice clearly establishes the fact it aims at ensuring that the offender takes responsibility of his/her act and repair the harm caused to the victim and the other affected members of the community. The opportunity of the victims to participate in the process satisfies their minds, as they not only get to overcome their fear of social stigmatization, owing to the confidential sessions, but they also get to inform the offen ders of the impact of such crime. The offenders, especially the young offenders, get opportunities to acknowledge accountability of the crime and apologies, remorse and empathize with the victim. Under the traditional court system, the offenders merely get a chance to actually take full responsibility of the crime and empathize with the victims. Crime is not a depersonalized concept instead, it is perceived as an experience between the individuals amidst the community. All the three essential actors of the criminal justice process, offender, victim and community must recognize how the commission of crime has affected each of them. Hence, it is their responsibilities to make necessary attempts to recreate right relationships and rebuild social ties. Reference List Bouffard, J., Cooper, M. and Bergseth, K., 2017. The effectiveness of various restorative justice interventions on recidivism outcomes among juvenile offenders.Youth Violence and Juvenile Jus Braithwaite, J.B., 2016. Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation: The Question of Evidence. Cartwright, J., 2016.Navigating the Accountability and Wellbeing Nexus: Practitioners' Experiences of Restorative Justice Processes with Youth Violent Offenders(Doctoral dissertation, University of Auckland). Clamp, K. ed., 2016.Restorative justice in transitional settings. Routledge. Crawford, A. and Newburn, T., 2013.Youth offending and restorative justice. Routledge. Hipple, N.K., Duwe, G. and Northcutt Bohmert, M., 2016. Evaluating Restorative Justice Circles of Support and Accountability (COSA): Can Social Support Overcome Structural Barriers?. Johnstone, G., 2013.Restorative justice: Ideas, values, debates. Routledge. Larsen, J.J., 2014.Restorative justice in the Australian criminal justice system. Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Criminology. Sherman, L.W., Strang, H., Mayo-Wilson, E., Woods, D.J. and Ariel, B., 2015. Are restorative justice conferences effective in reducing repeat offending? Findings from a Campbell systematic review.Journal of quantitative criminology,31(1), pp.1-24. Strang, H. and Braithwaite, J. eds., 2017.Restorative justice: Philosophy to practice. Routledge. Strang, H., 2017. Restorative Justice Conferencing (RJC) Using Face-to-Face Meetings of Offenders and Victims: Effects on Offender Recidivism and Victim Satisfaction: A Systematic Review. Campbell Systematic Reviews 2013: 12. 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